Pessimism: philosophy, ethic, spirit

The anatomy of pessimism

"A philosophy that is grievous but true": cultural pessimism in Rousseau and Leopardi

"The evils of the world honestly admitted": metaphysical pessimism in Schopenhauer and Freud

"Consciousness is a disease": existential pessimism in Camus, Unamuno, and Cioran

Nietzsche's Dionysian pessimism

Cervantes as educator: Don Quixote and the practice of pessimism

Aphorisms and pessimisms

Pessimism and freedom (the pessimist speaks).